Basic Emotions

[Petter]

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3624960/

Role of right pregenual anterior cingulate cortex in self-conscious emotional reactivity

Self-conscious emotions such as embarrassment, shame, guilt and pride are social emotions in which the self stands at the forefront of awareness. Our use of the term ‘self’ in this context refers to one’s physical being, as well as the thoughts and feelings that constitute the subjective sense of that being (James, 1890). These emotions serve important interpersonal functions (Miller and Leary, 1992; Tangney, 1999; Lewis, 2000). Embarrassment, for example, typically arises when heightened attention is paid to the self after violation of a social rule (Keltner, 1995). Not only is embarrassment associated with autonomic nervous system responding including increases in heart rate, blood pressure, sweating (Keltner, 1995; Harris, 2001; Gerlach et al., 2003) and peripheral vasodilation (producing characteristic facial blushing), but it also has a characteristic behavioral display (e.g. smile control, gaze aversion and face touching; Shearn et al., 1990; Keltner, 1995). The physiological and behavioral changes that occur in embarrassment signal to others that one regrets the offending action (Miller, 2007) and may help motivate actions (e.g. apologizing) that redress social transgressions.

[OFC] may be important for the regulation, and not generation, of self-conscious emotion (Beer et al., 2003)

ACC 1.png

[Petter]

https://www.jneurosci.org/content/41/47/9742.abstract

The subgenual (sgACC) and perigenual cingulate (pgACC) have distinct structural and functional characteristics and are important afferent modulators of the amygdala. The sgACC is critical for arousal, whereas the pgACC mediates conflict-monitoring, including in social contexts.

[Petter]

https://neuro.psychiatryonline.org/d...np.23.2.jnp121

Simple emotions activate ACC, with pACC more responsive to happiness and sACC to sadness. Induction of sadness increases subjective ratings of pain and pain-related activation of the MCC. Reward also activates the ACC; sACC activity correlates with the expected value of options. Action-selection and expression of learned fear are more likely to activate pMCC, whereas tasks requiring cognitive control, conflict-monitoring, error-detection, or emotion- (including fear) related appraisal (evaluation) are more likely to activate aMCC and perhaps pACC. Activations related to emotional conflict-regulation and fear-inhibition during extinction are more likely in the sACC. Reappraisal activates both aMCC and sACC. Thus, MCC is “cognitive”— involved in conflict-monitoring and response-selection and execution. Within MCC, aMCC is implicated in emotional appraisal, conflict-monitoring, approach–avoidance decisions, and willed control of actions. pMCC is involved in body-orientation and movement-execution. ACC is “affective,”— involved in emotion assessment, emotion-related learning, and autonomic regulation. Within ACC, pACC is implicated in emotional regulation, autonomic integration, and affect related to pain. sACC is implicated in autonomic control, visceral integration, and conditioned learning.

[Petter]

https://emotiontypology.com/positive...on/excitement/

You experience excitement as high arousal, accompanied by the feeling of ‘butterflies in your stomach’, trembling, or sweaty palms. Your increased heart rate, breathing and perspiration prepare you for physical action. These jittery bodily feelings are somewhat atypical for a positive emotion, and more akin to negative emotions like fear or nervousness, with the difference that you experience them as positive.

[Petter]

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537192/

interest: attention, learning, goal-directed behavior (---> a potential reward or threat)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion#Components

Bodily symptoms: the physiological component of emotional experience.

This does not apply to interest so it is not a basic emotion.

[Petter]

A)

1. the need for pleasure and avoidance of pain <--> euphoria and dysphoria (---> +/- mood)

2. the need for control/orientation (achieve goals) <--> basic emotions

3. the need for attachment (cooperation: safety needs, work, play, care) <--> laughing and crying (<--- 1 and 2)

4. the need for self-esteem enhancement (social hierarchy: show off achievements) <--> pride and shame

B)

1. the need for pleasure and avoidance of pain <--> excitement, (sham) rage, fear

2. the need for control/orientation (achieve goals) <--> frustration, euphoria and dysphoria (---> +/- mood)

3. the need for attachment (cooperation: safety needs, work, play, care) <--> laughing and crying (<--- 1 and 2)

4. the need for self-esteem enhancement (social hierarchy: show off achievements) <--> pride and shame

[Petter]

hypothalamus

1: lateral nucleus, dorsomedial nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, anterior nucleus, paraventricular nucleus (cortisol and thyroid), posterior nucleus (SNS)

2 and 4: the mammillary bodies, posterior nucleus

3: medial preoptic nucleus, supraoptic nucleus (oxytocin)

------

excitement: LH

(sham) rage: DMH, VMHvl

fear: VMHdm/c → PAG and VMHdm/c → AHN pathways mediate immobility and avoidance, respectively

[Petter]

(see post #445)


https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9164627/

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is well known for regulating reward consumption, learning, memory, and addiction behaviors through mediating dopamine (DA) release in downstream regions. Other than DA neurons, the VTA is known to be heterogeneous and contains other types of neurons, including glutamate neurons. In contrast to the well-studied and established functions of DA neurons, the role of VTA glutamate neurons is understudied, presumably due to their relatively small quantity and a lack of effective means to study them. Yet, emerging studies have begun to reveal the importance of glutamate release from VTA neurons in regulating diverse behavioral repertoire through a complex intra-VTA and long-range neuronal network. In this review, we summarize the features of VTA glutamate neurons from three perspectives, namely, cellular properties, neural connections, and behavioral functions. Delineation of VTA glutamatergic pathways and their interactions with VTA DA neurons in regulating behaviors may reveal previously unappreciated functions of the VTA in other physiological processes.




https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4339667/

The ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the brain’s reward circuitry is composed of a heterogeneous population of dopamine, GABA, and glutamate neurons that play important roles in mediating mood-related functions including depression. These neurons project to different brain regions, including the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and the amygdala. The functional understanding of these projection pathways has been improved since the extensive use of advanced techniques such as viral-mediated gene transfer, cell-type specific neurophysiology and circuit-probing optogenetics. In this article, we will discuss the recent progress in understanding these VTA projection-specific functions, focusing on mood-related disorders.




https://www.vumc.org/cowan-lab/human-euphoria

Drug abuse and addiction pose major health problems to individuals worldwide. The brain biology of drug addiction is thought to involve a variety of brain structures that evolved to have a role in natural rewards, such as finding food or having sex. Drugs of abuse are used in part because they make an individual "high" or euphoric when they are taken.

Much of the evidence learned thus far about drug addiction suggests that regions of the brain, including the ventral tegmental area which uses the neurotransmitter dopamine, and the nucleus accumbens have a major role in reward and the experience of euphoria. Additional evidence indicates that humans reliably develop a high voltage electroencephalographic (EEG) waveform in the alpha band during the experience of euphoria. We propose to use the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) method to study the regional changes in brain activity during the experience of euphoria in humans.

[Petter]

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3873746/

Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are thought to encode reward prediction error - the difference between an expected reward and actual reward.




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habenula#Lateral_habenula

Then, Bromberg-Martin et al. (2011) highlighted that neurons in the lateral habenula signal positive and negative information-prediction errors in addition to positive and negative reward-prediction errors.




https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35616407/

VTA is known to receive projections from LHb and project to the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.