Basic Emotions

[Petter]

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/b...power-oxytocin

Despite the warm and fuzzy feelings it can bring about, not every effect of oxytocin is positive.

It’s possible that oxytocin can actually impair memory. A study published around the same time as the trust study found that when people got a dose of oxytocin spray, they performed worse on a word recall test than people who got a placebo spray.

Does that mean oxytocin makes us more forgetful? Interestingly, this might depend on your attachment style. This refers to your pattern of bonding with other people, including the way you deal with trust, autonomy, and intimacy. A recent study found that if your attachment style is more emotionally independent (that is, you find depending on others uncomfortable), oxytocin actually improves your ability to learn and recall a list of words. But oxytocin had a detrimental effect on the memories of those who were more willing to rely on others.

[Petter]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_grooming

Social grooming has been shown to be correlated with changes in endocrine levels within individuals. Specifically, there is a large correlation between the brain's release of oxytocin and social grooming. Oxytocin is hypothesized to promote prosocial behaviors due to its positive emotional response when released. Further, social grooming also releases beta-endorphins which promote physiological responses in stress reduction. These responses can occur from the production of hormones and endorphins, or through the growth or reduction in nerve structures. For example, in studies of suckling rats, rats who received warmth and touch when feeding had lower blood pressure levels than rats who did not receive any touch. This was found to be the result of an increased vagal nerve tone, meaning they had had a higher parasympathetic nervous response and a lower sympathetic nervous response to stimuli, resulting in a lower stress response. Social grooming is a form of innocuous sensory activation. Innocuous sensory activation, characterized by non-aggressive contact, stimulates an entirely separate neural pathway from nocuous aggressive sensory activation. Innocuous sensations are transmitted through the dorsal column-medial lemniscal system.

[Petter]

https://users.cs.northwestern.edu/~o...20emotions.pdf

Similarly, Panksepp's panic might be relabeled as distress, which can be found in many people's lists.

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https://i.imgur.com/Zll7W7N.jpg

[Petter]

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-023-00758-x

The sound of an infant crying can trigger the release of the neuropeptide oxytocin by hypothalamic neurons and drive maternal behaviours and physiological responses.




https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/art...MC4934120/#B30

Adult crying reflects both positive and negative emotions (Vingerhoets et al., 2001a). Bindra (1972) found that causes of crying often related to feelings of elation, dejection, or anguish. Similarly, Kottler (1996) identified physiological responses, redemption, connection to others, grief and loss, despair, joyful and aesthetic transcendence, anger and frustration, and manipulation of others, whereas Scheirs and Sijtsma (2001) identified distress, sadness, and joy (see Vingerhoets et al., 2001a for a review). Crying has intrapersonal and interpersonal functions. Theorists have argued that crying may be of intrapersonal therapeutic utility by facilitating emotional processing and acceptance of loss (Nelson, 2005; Hendriks et al., 2008). Interpersonally, crying is a key attachment behavior, intended to elicit care and comfort from close others throughout life (Bowlby, 1969; Nelson, 2005). Hendriks et al. (2008) argue that the social support elicited by crying fully explains its benefits.

[Petter]

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25215491/

Animals display a range of innate social behaviors that play essential roles in survival and reproduction. While the medial amygdala (MeA) has been implicated in prototypic social behaviors such as aggression, the circuit-level mechanisms controlling such behaviors are not well understood. Using cell-type-specific functional manipulations, we find that distinct neuronal populations in the MeA control different social and asocial behaviors. A GABAergic subpopulation promotes aggression and two other social behaviors, while neighboring glutamatergic neurons promote repetitive self-grooming, an asocial behavior. Moreover, this glutamatergic subpopulation inhibits social interactions independently of its effect to promote self-grooming, while the GABAergic subpopulation inhibits self-grooming, even in a nonsocial context. These data suggest that social versus repetitive asocial behaviors are controlled in an antagonistic manner by inhibitory versus excitatory amygdala subpopulations, respectively. These findings provide a framework for understanding circuit-level mechanisms underlying opponency between innate behaviors, with implications for their perturbation in psychiatric disorders.

[Petter]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorphins

Endorphins inhibit transmission of pain signals by binding μ-receptors of peripheral nerves, which block their release of neurotransmitter substance P.

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euphoria/dysphoria vs. rage (?)

[Petter]

https://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc...06453021003243

Development of mild dysphoria was associated with high post-injury cortisol.





https://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc...65178194900183

Serum cortisol levels are related to moods of elation and dysphoria in new mothers.

[Petter]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_P

Tachykinin / Substance P plays an evolutionarily conserved role in inducing aggressive behaviors. In rodents and cats, activation of hypothalamic neurons which release Substance P induces aggressive behaviors (defensive biting and predatory attack). Similarly, in fruit flies, tachykinin-releasing neurons have been implicated in aggressive behaviors (lunging).





https://www.medcentral.com/pain/chro...roscience-pain

Nociceptors are specialized sensory receptors responsible for transforming painful stimuli into electrical signals, which travel to the central nervous system via neurotransmitters. Several neurotransmitters are involved in carrying the nociceptive message. However, glutamate and substance P (SP) are the main neurotransmitters associated with the sensation of pain.

[Petter]

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5171207/ (see figure 1)

Euphoria and dysphoria are intense feelings (not emotions) that are directly linked to pleasure and pain (hedonic hotspots: 'liking'). The amygdala is not activated.

Distress is caused by pain or fear, so it is not a basic emotion. Separation distress is caused by fear/anxiety.





https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics...ation-distress

Separation Anxiety

Sometime in the middle of the first year, when infants understand that people exist even when they are out of sight (person permanence), they react to the everyday recurring disappearances of their parents by attempting to maintain proximity through the behaviors available to them, including crying, cooing, and crawling (Stayton et al., 1973). In manifesting these responses, infants not only indicate their desire to stay in proximity with the caregiver but also the development of ways to control distance and separation (Witherington et al., 2001). During this age, infants increasingly initiate interaction with their parents and actively protest when their primary caregiver departs, even for a moment. By the first birthday, behaviors that indicate separation distress are even more clearly detected, with infants tending to become agitated and upset upon separation (Tennes and Lampl, 1964).

[Petter]

https://manifold.umn.edu/projects/a-...mkins-handbook (see Part I. Affect, The Negative)

Distress-anguish. Imagine a desolate, crying baby. Her mouth is open, yet the corners of her lips are pulled down, her eyebrows are arched, and the muscles around her eyes are contracted. For Tomkins, these facial states don’t express negative feeling that has originated elsewhere in the body; rather, the awareness of the feedback from these physiological events is the feeling of distress. These facial responses and the distressing feeling they engender are caused by a high level of unrelenting stimulation: the baby is pained, cold, overheated, hungry, alarmed by intense noise or light.